1. Reich DS, Lucchinetti CF, Calabresi PA. Multiple sclerosis.
N Engl J Med 2018;378:169-180.
2. Dendrou CA, Fugger L, Friese MA. Immunopathology of multiple sclerosis.
Nat Rev Immunol 2015;15:545-558.
3. Healy LM, Stratton JA, Kuhlmann T, Antel J. The role of glial cells in multiple sclerosis disease progression.
Nat Rev Neurol 2022;18:237-248.
4. Minagar A, Maghzi AH, McGee JC, Alexander JS. Emerging roles of endothelial cells in multiple sclerosis pathophysiology and therapy.
Neurol Res 2012;34:738-745.
5. Lassmann H. Pathogenic mechanisms associated with different clinical courses of multiple sclerosis.
Front Immunol 2018;9:3116.
6. Brunner C, Müller B, Wirth T. Bruton's tyrosine kinase is involved in innate and adaptive immunity.
Histol Histopathol 2005;20:945-955.
7. Martin E, Aigrot MS, Grenningloh R, Stankoff B, Lubetzki C, Boschert U, et al. Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibition promotes myelin repair.
Brain Plast 2020;5:123-133.
8. Vetrie D, Vorechovský I, Sideras P, Holland J, Davies A, Flinter F, et al. The gene involved in X-linked agammaglobulinaemia is a member of the src family of protein-tyrosine kinases.
Nature 1993;361:226-233.
10. Mano H. Tec family of protein-tyrosine kinases: an overview of their structure and function.
Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 1999;10:267-280.
11. Schaeffer EM, Debnath J, Yap G, McVicar D, Liao XC, Littman DR, et al. Requirement for Tec kinases Rlk and Itk in T cell receptor signaling and immunity.
Science 1999;284:638-641.
12. Middendorp S, Dingjan GM, Hendriks RW. Impaired precursor B cell differentiation in Bruton's tyrosine kinase-deficient mice.
J Immunol 2002;168:2695-2703.
13. Lünemann JD, Malhotra S, Shinohara ML, Montalban X, Comabella M. Targeting inflammasomes to treat neurological diseases.
Ann Neurol 2021;90:177-188.
14. Haxhinasto SA, Bishop GA. Synergistic B cell activation by CD40 and the B cell antigen receptor: role of B lymphocyte antigen receptor-mediated kinase activation and tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor regulation.
J Biol Chem 2004;279:2575-2582.
15. Gerondakis S, Siebenlist U. Roles of the NF-kappaB pathway in lymphocyte development and function.
Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2010;2:a000182.
16. Rip J, de Bruijn MJW, Appelman MK, Pal Singh S, Hendriks RW, Corneth OBJ. Toll-like receptor signaling drives Btk-mediated autoimmune disease.
Front Immunol 2019;10:95.
17. Simon M, Vanes L, Geahlen RL, Tybulewicz VL. Distinct roles for the linker region tyrosines of Syk in FcepsilonRI signaling in primary mast cells.
J Biol Chem 2005;280:4510-4517.
18. Liu X, Zhan Z, Li D, Xu L, Ma F, Zhang P, et al. Intracellular MHC class II molecules promote TLR-triggered innate immune responses by maintaining activation of the kinase Btk.
Nat Immunol 2011;12:416-424.
19. Gruber R, Lee L, Dufault MR, Chretien N, Blazier AS, Proto J, et al. Evaluating the effect of BTK inhibitor tolebrutinib in human microglia. Mult Scler J 2021;27:376-377.
21. de Rooij MF, Kuil A, Geest CR, Eldering E, Chang BY, Buggy JJ, et al. The clinically active BTK inhibitor PCI-32765 targets B-cell receptor- and chemokine-controlled adhesion and migration in chronic lymphocytic leukemia.
Blood 2012;119:2590-2594.
22. Mangla A, Khare A, Vineeth V, Panday NN, Mukhopadhyay A, Ravindran B, et al. Pleiotropic consequences of Bruton tyrosine kinase deficiency in myeloid lineages lead to poor inflammatory responses.
Blood 2004;104:1191-1197.
23. Weber MS, Harp C, Goodyear A, Yuen TJ, Durk MR, Kappos L. Fenebrutinib reduces disease activity in a mouse model of inflammatory multiple sclerosis, which is associated with reduced microglial activation. Mult Scler J 2021;27:580.
24. Gruber RC, Blazier AS, Lee L, Ryan S, Chong A, Havari E, et al. Evaluating the effect of a Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitor in a murine experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis model of multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler J 2022;28:244-245.
25. Correale J. BTK inhibitors as potential therapies for multiple sclerosis.
Lancet Neurol 2021;20:689-691.
26. Yong HYF, Yong VW. Mechanism-based criteria to improve therapeutic outcomes in progressive multiple sclerosis.
Nat Rev Neurol 2022;18:40-55.